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Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a persistent infection of the upper female reproductive organs, often leading to complications such as chronic pelvic pain, infertility due to tubal damage, and ectopic pregnancies.
Higher dietary choline intake is linked to reduced risk of pelvic inflammatory disease in women, with the strongest protective effect observed at higher intake levels.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a persistent infection of the upper female reproductive organs, often leading to complications such as chronic pelvic pain, infertility due to tubal damage, and ectopic pregnancies. This study investigated how choline (an essential nutrient vital for metabolic health) consumption may impact PID prevalence among reproductive-aged women.
Researchers examined data from 3,204 women enrolled in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013–2018. Utilizing multivariable logistic regression and smooth curve fitting, the associations between dietary choline use and PID were examined. Subgroup analyses explored potential effect modifiers, and threshold effect analyses recognized inflection points in the choline-PID relationship.
Among the study population, 208 women had PID. Fully adjusted models revealed that higher choline intake was linked with lower PID risk (odds ratio [OR] = 0.20). Women in the highest choline intake quintile had a 45% reduced likelihood of PID compared to those in the lowest quintile (OR = 0.55). Smooth curve analysis indicated a nonlinear connection, with an inflection point at 0.41 g/day overall and 0.29 g/day in normotensive women. Subgroup analyses suggested blood pressure may modify this protective effect.
Higher intake of dietary choline was linked to decreased prevalence of PID, highlighting the role of nutrition in reproductive health.
International Journal of Women's Health
Choline Intake and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Risk: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on NHANES 2013–2018
Hongyu Jin et al.
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